• Psychology as a new science

- 1879, Germany: Wilhelm Wundt's psychology laboratory

- Technique of objective introspection.

• Structuralism

- Edward Titchener brought to America but it died out in the early 20th century.

- A theory of consciousness by Wundt and Titchener

• Functionalism

- William James proposed a counter point of view

  • Stressed the way the mind allows us to adapt
  • Functionalism influenced the modern fields: educational psychology, evolutionary psychology, and industrial/organizational psychology.

• A number of women and members of minorities also contributed to psychology despite the prevailing cultural hindrances during their times